Semen Analysis or Spermiogram test is a thorough evaluation of male fertility, assessing sperm count, motility, morphology and other concerns that might contribute to infertility
Purpose
- Evaluating Male Fertility
- Post-Vasectomy Confirmation
- Diagnosing Male Infertility Issues
- Monitoring Treatment
Parameters Assessed
1. Semen Volume: The amount of semen produced during ejaculation determines the condition of seminal vesicles and prostate glands and detects if there is any issue
2. Sperm Concentration (Sperm Count): The fluctuation in the normal range within which the number of sperm should be present in one millilitre of semen can be a sign of male infertility.
3. Sperm Motility: The percentage of sperm that are moving and their ability to swim efficiently also helps to detect. Sperm motility is categorized into:
- Progressive motility: Sperm moving forward in straight lines or large circles.
- Non-progressive motility: Sperm moving but not in a straight line.
- Immotile: Sperm that do not move at all.
A normal motility rate is 40% or more of the sperm moving, with over 32% showing progressive motility.
4. Sperm Morphology: The shape and structure of sperm. Normal sperm have an oval head and a long tail, which helps them swim. Abnormal sperm morphology can include defects in the head, midpiece, or tail, which may impact fertility. At least 4% of sperm should have a normal shape for fertility.
5. Semen pH: The acidity or alkalinity of semen, which normally ranges from 7.2 to 8.0. Abnormal pH levels can indicate infections or problems with the seminal vesicles.
6. White Blood Cells: The presence of white blood cells in semen may indicate an infection or inflammation in the reproductive tract.
Procedure Overview
1. Abstinence: Men are usually advised to abstain from ejaculation for 2 to 7 days before the test to ensure accurate results.
2. Sample Collection: The semen sample is typically collected through masturbation into a sterile container. It is important that the entire ejaculate is collected, as the first portion contains the highest concentration of sperm.
3. Timing: The sample should be analyzed within an hour of collection for the most accurate results.
4. Transport: If collected at home, the sample should be kept at body temperature and delivered to the lab within an hour.
5. Interpreting Results
- Normal Results: Indicates normal sperm count, motility, and morphology, suggesting that the man is likely to be fertile.
- Abnormal Results: May suggest fertility issues, necessitating further testing or treatment. Factors such as low sperm count, poor motility, or high levels of abnormal sperm can indicate underlying health issues or lifestyle factors affecting fertility.
Factors Affecting Semen Analysis Results
- Lifestyle Factors: Smoking, alcohol consumption, drug use, and exposure to environmental toxins can impact sperm quality.
- Health Conditions: Conditions like varicocele, infections, hormonal imbalances, and genetic disorders can affect sperm production and quality.
- Medications: Certain medications might affect sperm production or quality.
Semen analysis is a critical tool in assessing male fertility and identifying potential issues that may affect conception. It's important for men undergoing this test to follow all instructions carefully and discuss the results with a healthcare provider to understand their implications fully.